estoicismo na prática Opções
↑ En los hombres la libertad entendida tais como posible aceptación del fatum para llegar a la ataraxia es posible porque en ciertos casos el alma racional puede producir una declinatio este 'inclinación' en la trayectoria do los átomos produciendo cierta modulación en el rÃgido determinismo de la naturaleza.
Take a little food, wear your worst clothes, get away from the comfort of your home and bed. Put yourself face to face with want, he said, you’ll ask yourself “Is this what I used to dread?â€
Cleanthes, wishing to give more explicit meaning to Zeno's 'creative fire', had been the first to hit upon the term pneuma, or 'spirit', to describe it. Like fire, this intelligent 'spirit' was imagined as a tenuous substance akin to a current of air or breath, but essentially possessing the quality of warmth; it was immanent in the universe as God, and in man as the soul and life-giving principle.
Take Alexander the Great who conquered the known world and had cities named in his honor. This is common knowledge. The Stoics would also point out that, once while drunk, Alexander got into a fight with his dearest friend, Cleitus, and accidentally killed him.
†Despite the interest in Stoicism displayed by other Renaissance figures, even outside of philosophy (for example, the poet Petrarch), Neostoicism never really became a movement, and its import largely rests on the impact of Lipsius’ writings, and perhaps on the influence of Montaigne.
Para los estoicos no hay actos malos en sà mismos, sino de que el mar moral reside en una privación del recto orden en la voluntad humana. Los contrarios se implican: no puede entenderse la justicia sin la injusticia.
There is much more to be said about Stoic ethics, of course, but before closing this introductory sketch let me comment on an issue that does not fail to come up, and which I have already briefly mentioned above: the connection between the undeniably teleological-providential views of the cosmos advanced by Stoic physics and the actual practice of Stoic ethics.
Marcus Aurelius wrote to himself a simple and effective reminder to help him regain perspective and stay balanced:
Metaphysically the Stoics were determinists (Frede 2003). Here is Cicero: “[the Stoics] say, that it is impossible, when all the circumstances surrounding both the cause and that of which it is a cause are the same, that things should not turn out a certain way on one occasion but that they should turn out that way on some other occasion†(
) comprising ethics, physics and logic. The ethics was basically a moderate version of Cynicism; the physics was influenced by Plato’s Timaeus
Finally, there is also a connection between the Stoics and Kant, particularly in their shared concept of duty which transcends the specific consequences of one’s action. But as Long again points out, the differences are also quite striking: while Kant arrived at his system by a priori reasoning, the Stoics were eminently naturalistic and empiricist at heart.
Philosophy is not just about talking or lecturing, or even reading long, dense books. In fact, it is something men and women of action use—and have used throughout history—to solve their problems and achieve their greatest triumphs. Not in the classroom, but on the battlefield, in the Forum, and at court.
That way, your mais detalhes weaknesses won’t lead to thoughts and actions that stray from virtue. Everyone is different so it’s not about austerity for the sake of austerity or self-punishment, but for the betterment of yourself in the service of others and society. It’s about starting where you are and knowing when to nurture yourself so that you can train better habits when the time comes for you to be tested. I know a lot of influential pro-capitalist thinkers you mentioned studied Stoicism so I thought I should mention that Stoics would also be very approving of the ethical, compassionate side of economic policies where the opportunity to help those in greater need is considered the highest of virtues. Just a thought.
Cá está 1 exemplo da minha “estrela do Norte†para alcançar o estoicismo: Preparar para minha própria companhia e trabalhar duro nela.
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